The Concept of Sociological Perspective of Deviance Essays

The concept of Sociological Perspective of Deviance also known as â€Å"rule-breaking† behavior or â€Å"counter culture† can be defined as culture norms, values, and morals which shape the social acceptance of individuals or group through their actions or â€Å"unmoral or illegal† behavior. In order to gain a better understanding of Sociological Perspective of Deviance it is important to understand the broad consensus of behavior and its place in society. Situational deviance pertains to a group who engages in behavior that is considered â€Å"non- defiant and acceptable â€Å"however the behavior is still viewed as societally deviant. â€Å"Bad† deviance pertains to criminal behavior such as murder, rape, theft, and physical, mental or emotional abuse inflicted on†¦show more content†¦The punishment is a significant form of deterrence because its consequences are illustrated in a manner that allows everyone (even those who have not broken the law) a clear depiction of the punishment inflicted on those who do. Although based on violations against social norms, which in turn warrants disapproval from majority of society; deviance in sociology can be viewed as criminal or non-criminal. Those violations can vary from ones participation in alcoholism, excessive gambling, public nudity, arson (playing with fire), theft, lying, and refusal to maintain proper hygiene (refusal to bathe). Other acts of deviance can include; prostitution and engaging in sexual activity with members of the same sex. Because ones behavior can be determined as a crime from one society to another; understanding sociology allows a better understanding of how ones society is affected by crime as a whole. The punishment implemented on the individual or group varies between cultures and time periods. In order for societies to remain ahead of deviance, they must initiate ways to control it through internal and external control. Internal pertains to what exist within individual’s moral or social codes of behavior. The external control of deviance pertains to systems created by society for the sole purpose of regulatory deviance. Deviance can be labeled pathological to the point of those defined as deviants; are â€Å"sick† individuals whoShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Body Types, And The Y Chromosome Theory1194 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Sociology March 26, 2016 Deviance Many different theories exist regarding deviance. Biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives have applied their different thought processes to produce many theories. Some of these ideas have been discredited, however some remain significant today. Sociological theories differ from biological and psychological theories by looking at external factors rather than internal ones. Biological theories on deviance are the result of looking for answersRead MoreThere Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime1102 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological, and sociological theories. A major biological theory is Richard Dugdale’s theory of inheritance. There are several psychological theories with two of them being intelligence theory and Sigmund Freud’s personality trait theory. Sociological theories includes Emilie Durkheim’s functionalist theory and Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory. Overall, there are a wide range of theories and theorists that try to determine what factors influence deviance and why deviance occurs in societyRead MoreDeviance : Deviance And Deviance987 Words   |  4 PagesQuite frequently in our day-to-day lives we hear the word deviance†, but we never really know the concepts behind it, although, deviance exists in almost every society. It is recognized as a term with many theories behi nd it which gives an immense range of interpretations of what deviance is and is not. According to Brym and Lie, deviance is defined as â€Å"departure from a norm that evokes a negative reaction from others† (2015:96). In other words, when someone is doing something that the rest of theRead MoreSociology: Value Conflict1346 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy of human nature, some sociologists believed that it cannot be obtained. According to Max Weber, individuals view the world from a value laden perspective. It is impossible to exclude feelings, personal views and judgments, since human beings the subject matter for sociology has feelings, emotions and consciousness. Deviant Behavior The concept of a deviant Behavior refers to a sequence of stages through which the rule-breaker may evolve into a full-fledged deviant or outsider (Becker, 2005)Read MoreSociological Theory Of Labelization967 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Angelou once said, â€Å"people often put labels on people so they don’t have to deal with the physical fact of those people.† Angelou was addressing the actuality that labels are placed on individuals daily; these labels have an effect on self-perspective. The labeling theory was built on deviant behaviors; consequently, certain individuals are labeled for their behavior. The labeling theory occurs in everyday life through the act of labelization. This topic can be defined when labels are placedRead MoreSociological Approaches Of Mental Illness1367 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' The Deviance Model places certain individuals who portray qualities of what we may consider as people with mental illness, where their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors violate own or others expectations (the violation of social norms). This sociological approach is frequently debated where the individual is being conceptualized as either sick or deviant which then reflects on their deviant behavior. Deviant behaviors should not determine whether someone is mentally ill or not. There are individualsRead MoreEasy A1164 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sociology of Deviance and Crime: Essay Question: Write a social sciences essay based on a documentary or film. Explore how deviance and/or crime are presented in this text and relate your findings to the various sociological perspectives and theories studied in class. Choice of text: Easy A (2010 movie) Deviance is an unavoidable part of human nature, and as such, is a fascinating and essential social phenomenon to study. The film Easy A explores how a high school student turns to deviance in orderRead MoreSdffdgdfgfdg1230 Words   |  5 Pagesedu/academics/liberal_arts/syllabi.cfm. Additional information provided includes Core Competencies, Student Learning Outcomes, Topical Outlines and Grading Rubrics. CATALOG DESCRIPTION Prerequisite: RDG099 – Introduction to College Reading III This is a study of the basic concepts of sociology applied to modern society, and the use of the scientific methods in sociology, analysis of social relationships, groups, institutions, population systems of control, and social change. REQUIRED READING SOC: 2013 Updated, 3rd ed.Read MoreEssay about SOC 1011212 Words   |  5 Pages SOC101-Intro to Sociology March 2013 1. Part A. Describe the sociological concept of deviance. Briefly explain each of the approaches to explaining deviance (functionalist perspective, interactionist perspective, conflict perspective), telling which is most convincing to you and why. Provide examples from your own experience as appropriate. 2. Part B. Analyzing your own life; discuss your status in terms of ascribed status, achieved status, and master status. For each of these statusesRead MoreThe Blind Side Character Analysis1213 Words   |  5 Pagesrace but also where he grew up. The Blind Side not only gives the audience a warm heartfelt story but also to never judge someone on appearance or where they came from. The Blind Side gives us a sociological view of different social themes, character relationships, different key perspectives and concepts, and breaking the stereotypes. There were many different themes in this movie but there were two very crucial ones. Social structure was a theme that displayed throughout the entire movie. Social

Preschool Science Experiments and Activities

Teen Dating Violence - 2793 Words

What is Teen Dating Violence? Teen Dating Violence (TDV) is described as the physical, emotional, or sexual abuse that occurs within a relationship while dating. TDV can occur in person, or electronically by a current or former partner (CDC, 2014). Many adolescents and adults are unaware of the prevalence of TDV but a recent national study revealed that nearly 10% of adolescents have reported being hit, slapped, or intentionally physically hurt by someone they had claimed to be dating (CDC, 2014). About 20% of adult women who reported experiencing some form of intimate partner violence (IPV) also reported experiencing TDV between the ages of 11-17 (CDC, 2014). Also, black students experience TDV (14%) at a significantly higher rate than†¦show more content†¦Some of the economic effects associated with IPV are as follows: employers lose between $3-5 billion dollars per year for increased medical costs of battered victims and businesses lose an additional $100 million dollars in lost wages, sick days, and absenteeism. Also, nearly 2 million workdays are lost to domestic violence annually and overall domestic violence costs the United States $67 billion dollars, annually (NCADV, n.d.). IPV causes a huge lapse in profitability and productivity. Using Public Service Announcements to Address other Public Health Issues Among Adolescents Public service announcements have long been a tool of public health professionals and organizations to prevent public health crises through awareness and instruction. For this intervention, public service announcements via television and radio stations will be implemented to bring about prevention of teen dating violence. Anti-tobacco campaigns have utilized public service announcements to campaign the detrimental effects of tobacco consumption as well as raise awareness regarding cessation resources. In 2000, California held a media campaign that accounted for a 2-3% reduction in the sales of cigarette packs. Despite the seemingly low effect of media campaigning, it has been proven that each dollar invested in the anti-tobacco advertising results into a per capita decrease of 7.7 packs of cigarettes (Atkin,Show MoreRelatedTeen Dating Violence951 Words   |  4 PagesTeen dating violence Teen dating violence is becoming a huge issue among schools across the nation. In fact most teens don’t even think their relationships are abusive or they know but they are too scared to do anything about it. Teen dating violence is on the rise. 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Many teens are pressured with drugs and alcohol, but violence from your boyfriend/girlfriend is a growing problem for teens in the world today. There are many types of abuse, even more than there was 10 years ago. These types of abuse can be anywhere from physical abuse to digital abuse. Abuse, according to Business Dictionary means, â€Å"Physical force unlawfully exercised toward property and/or persons, causing or intending to cause damageRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Research2459 Words   |  10 PagesTeen Dating Violence Research on adolescent dating violence (DV) is limited, even though it is a risk factor for adult intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV is a serious health concern that is linked to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy (De Grace Clarke, 2012). According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2016), teen dating violence is defined as the physical, sexual, psychological, or emotional violence within a datingRead MoreForms And Causes Of Teen Dating Violence1132 Words   |  5 PagesCauses of Teen Dating Violence Anya Colburn University of Nebraska — Kearney There are many things that teenagers end up going through, some good and some bad. One thing that some teenager unfortunately go through is dating violence. Dating violence is physical, emotional, psychologic, or sexual violence in a dating relationship. Throughout my paper I discuss some of the different reasons people may engage in dating violence, such as the media and bullying. I also discuss cyber dating violenceRead MoreTeen Dating Violence Is A Serious Problem Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesTeen dating violence is a serious problem, and the number of cases continues to rise. The victims are usually teenaged girls, and the abuse may occur for months before they finally come forward to report their attacker. Some teens do not tell until the abuse is obvious because they are seriously injured, others deny the abuse or make excuses for the abuser. Is your daughter at risk for teen dating violence? Do not assume she will tell you if her boyfriend starts abusing her. Teen girls ar e likelyRead MoreThe Victims Of Teen Dating Violence And Substance Abuse796 Words   |  4 PagesSeveral studies identified a significant correlation among victims of teen dating violence and substance abuse. Those committing the act were more likely to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol, and victims show increasing signs of substance addiction to cope (Temple et al., 2013). Victims of teen dating violence can have increased problems associated with mental health, sexual risk behaviors, sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, weight issues, and suicidal ideology (Maas, 2010). As aRead MoreDefinition And Intervention Mid Term Project Is Teen Dating Violence1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic that I nominate for my six week group content/intervention mid-term project is teen dating violence. I will be discussing different techniques, leader skills, and interventions that I will utilize when I facilitate a six week group. I will incorporate several different icebreake rs and activities that has been used in an adolescents groups by clinicians. As the therapist, some of the techniques consist of the following empathy, reframing, Socratic questioning, active listening, and effectiveRead MoreJake and Caroline Video Script Teen Dating Violence1963 Words   |  8 PagesJAKE AND CAROLINE VIDEO SCRIPT TEEN DATING VIOLENCE Jake: So anyway things besides all this John stuff are going pretty awesome†¦and we usually hang out together every Friday night when I get out of work†¦So this past Friday I got out of work early and figured we’d spend the rest of the night together†¦. Maybe grab a bite to eat or catch a movie†¦So I called her at 5 o’clock—no Caroline. 6, 7, 8—still no Caroline. 9, 10—10 freakin’ thirty roles around and I’m like â€Å"Caroline where the hell have youRead MoreJake and Caroline Video Script Teen Dating Violence1976 Words   |  8 PagesJAKE AND CAROLINE VIDEO SCRIPT TEEN DATING VIOLENCE Jake: So anyway things besides all this John stuff are going pretty awesome†¦and we usually hang out together every Friday night when I get out of work†¦So this past Friday I got out of work early and figured we’d spend the rest of the night together†¦. Maybe grab a bite to eat or catch a movie†¦So I called her at 5 o’clock—no Caroline. 6, 7, 8—still no Caroline. 9, 10—10 freakin’ thirty roles around and I’m like â€Å"Caroline where the hell have

Competitive Global Context

Question: The Task Until recently BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) have been regarded as the key emerging economies, and have been the targets for companies wanting to expand in international markets. However, there is literature emerging that argues that companies would benefit by looking wider and considering new emerging markets for their investment, exports, and other forms of international business. Such new emerging markets are the PINEs (the Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria and Ethiopia). (See article attached Forget the BRICs; Meet the PINEs by Michael Schuman, Time magazine, March 13, 2014). Star Trucks Ltd. is a trucks manufacturing company, with a production plant in Bedford, UK, and Head Office in London, UK. It markets its trucks mainly in the EU (European Union), the Middle Eastern, and other Mediterranean Region markets. Management has realised that these markets are nearly saturated and its new strategy is to go worldwide and get a good foothold in emerging markets. The CEO also noted that many competitors have already flocked to the BRICS emerging markets. He wondered, why not be among the first few to consider the expansion to the new emerging markets of PINEs? Assume you are General Manager of a marketing consulting firm, Market Solutions International Ltd. The CEO of Star Trucks Ltd. has approached you to assess opportunities in these new emerging markets. The following is the Brief you are given by the CEO: Considering Star Trucks Ltd. being a medium sized company we want to expand cautiously and step by step. While operating in all the four PINE economies is a long term objective at first we want to identify the most prospective market to enter. We want to know which of these four markets the firm should enter first; therefore we want you to undertake a comparative analysis. In your analysis examine the investment environment, effects of governments interventionist policies, the market potential, the impact of regional integration initiatives, if any, and related issues with a clear identification of opportunities and threats in each of these markets. Recommend which country should the firm enter first, explain why, and indicate how it should enter this market with justification. Resource wise, we are confident that we will have no problem to undertake the opportunities your report will identify for us. Based on the above Brief prepare a report to the attention of the CEO of Star Trucks Ltd. Answer: Introduction Competitive global context is the overall activity of making the business independent in a worldwide basis, introducing new technologies and new economic blocs. This individual activity creates severe challenges in front of the extremely knowledgeable and skilled managers and operators internationally. The following assignment deals with the new emerging company that manufactures trucks. Thus the company being Star Trucks Ltd. is a truck manufacturing company headquartered in London, UK along with its manufacturing plants located at Bedford, UK. Initially it started its business concern in the European Union, Middle Eastern and other Mediterranean Region markets which are now in a position of saturation. Thus the management is highly concerned with the new strategy of taking the business worldwide and accordingly grabbing a good position in the emerging market scenario. Although there was an old concept of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) but as of now the presen t studies reveals that the concept of PINEs (Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria and Ethiopia) would be more profitable to take the business internationally. This project report deals with the consideration of this new emerging concept and as a result, the management works on the proposed strategy of getting worldwide by targeting the Nigerian market place to be it emerging location initially. The assignment deals with the investment environment, political consequences, market potential, impact of regional integration initiatives as well as both the opportunities and threats face by the company in Nigeria. The main purpose of this report is to find out the businesss future position in the Nigerian market as far as its objectives are concerned. PESTLE analysis of Nigerian market Political: Nigeria has become politically stable since the year 1999. Although, it is one of the regional political leader in the African continent still there lies many internal conflicts among the country people. Frequent religious and ethnic issue keeps on disturbing the country peace thus by creating huge disturbance (Blythe 2012). The biggest prospect of entering this market environment is to make the company value grow internationally with an international recognition. Massive corruption such as fraud, bribery, nepotism takes place that creates major challenges to the Nigerian market environment by declining the growth as well as development. Economical: Presently, the economic condition of Nigeria is motivated by the growth in the fields of telecommunications, real estate, hotels and restaurants industries. Moreover, the chief sectors of the country are the oil and gas sectors that contribute effectively by raising the price and thus improving the countrys weak inflation as well as the macro-economic outcomes. The fast expansion in 2010 following the global financial and economic meltdown underscored the flexibility of the economy. This country holds a total population of more than 174 million people (July 2013), among which half of them fall under the young educated and entrepreneurial group. Thus for a truck manufacturing company, this country is the best target to act for as there is an existence of numerous prospects. The Nigerian economy experiences a comparatively stable exchange rate thus making it a favorable environment to target upon. This country also possesses a huge infrastructure development. Despite of the above posit ive discussions that affect any upcoming business, the country is facing severe challenges too (Oigiagbe et al. 2012). Very less data on Nigerian market are available that is required by any business firm to prosper in that particular environment (Dahlstrom 2011). In addition to these, there is an existence of pitiable infrastructure facilities, crime and insecurity as well as sky-scraping youth unemployment over the years. Social: Since the country owns a huge educated population with cultural and regional diversities hence on this particular context the country can be said to be socially secure. Moreover, there lies an existence of huge tourism as well as cultural potential (Ferrell and Hartline 2011). Other than all these social advantages, the country also experiences the lack of social security system as the main threat. Technological: The technological fields are getting stronger by the passing years. The country now focuses on the computerization of government and private sector business as well as revolution in the telecom sectors. In addition to these technological factors, it also comes up with the opportunity of e-commerce, e-learning and e-governance (Kotabe and Helsen 2011). Although the above factors make the country technologically stable but the dominance of the foreign IT industries threatens the Nigerian market as a whole. Legal: In the year 1999, the country Nigeria changed to a new democratic nation with the reformation of the Nigeria legal system constitution. Nigerian legal system is constituted on English Common Law, the Doctrine of Equity and Common law being the source (Ikejiofor and Ali 2014). It also constitutes the judicial precedent, Customary Law such as the Sharia and Islamic Law (Winer and Dhar 2011). Moreover, to create a scope for the foreign companies, Nigeria acts upon making the laws easier to perform on so that the economic condition gets urbanized thus by influencing the countrys overall growth. Environmental: The environmental factor mainly includes the natural resources that are available in the particular country. The country is known for its natural resources abundance such as petroleum, natural gas, iron ore (as far as the truck manufacturing country is concerned) and many others. The country also experiences a major electricity issue which is a major drawback for the foreign investments in the nation (Kotler and Keller 2011). Frequent catastrophes occurs in the Nigerian environment that includes floods, tidal waves, oil spillage, landslides, sand-storms, coastal erosion, drought, insect infestation and many other man made catastrophes which was responsible for destroying human lives as well as rendering some people homeless (Baba-Musami et al. 2015). Since the economy of Nigeria is quite weak with an under protected environment, this scenario makes the Nigerian environment quite unsafe. Moreover, an international agreement based on environmental solution is also signed which includes biodiversity, ozone layer protection, pollution control, marine life conservation and many others. But as of now, no work has been yet conducted in response to the above agreement. Not all these above discussions have a vast effect on any truck manufacturing industry (Sheehan 2011). Thus, as far as the project objectives are concerned, these natural disasters have very low impact in the market entry. SWOT analysis of Star trucks limited The SWOT analysis of this company is done to find out the status of the companys entrance in the Nigerian market place. This is used to discover the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that are experienced by this particular company. Strengths: Since Nigeria is oil producing land so there lays huge scope for this company to prosper in Nigerian market place. The population scenario shows that the country has huge influence of young generation people which shows this company a way to enter (Lancaster Massingham 2011). Moreover the presence of cultural as well as religious diversities acts as an important strength to the company (Olamade and Abu-Bakr 2014, pp. 39). The country has also formed an effective technological aspect that would further help this company to prosper well. Weaknesses: The previous study says that Nigeria has huge ethnic and religious restlessness that is responsible for this type of truck manufacturing country (Chamberlain and Ede 2013). Since the literacy level of Nigerian population is extremely low, so the company may experience huge suffering while convincing its Nigerian prospects. In addition to these above weaknesses, the infrastructure is also unfriendly and huge amount of capital is needed to be invested to make a startup this business in the Nigerian market (Shaw 2011). Opportunities: Nigeria is looking forward to the advancement of their infrastructures and legal laws are made in favour of the foreign industries as to attract them more thus by providing compensation to the Nigerian economy (Dumitrescu and Unit 2013). Moreover, Nigeria is getting into the list of cultural as well as tourism potentials thus by creating a remarkable opportunity for Star trucks ltd. Nigeria also has an issue of huge unemployment so it is very normal that they want foreign companies to enter so that the employment rate can rise further. The concept of e-commerce, e learning, and e-governance also flourished the Nigerian environment (Peter and Donnelly 2011). This also acts as a great opening for this company. Thus it can be suggested that there lies a huge number of opportunities for this company to target the Nigerian market. Threats: It is well-known that where there is opportunity, the concept of threat comes hand in hand. Although the political structures are made comfortable for the foreign companies to enter in, this cannot be avoided that there lies huge sudden political changes too (Oigiagbe et al. 2012, pp. 225). Since, Nigeria experiences massive crime and insecurity so it becomes a threat for this company to get set up in the country. Conclusion From the above study, it is easy to gather reliable information on PINE economies. Research analysts are of opinion that BRICs loss existence and there is recent adoption of PINE. In the emerging market scenario, most of the developing nations are widening activities based on new countries in an overall manner. In case of BRIC economies, it includes countries like Brazil, Russia, China and India. These four countries are posing dominance in the American world. From the prospect of Russia, it hampers the future aggressive moves and imposition of economic sanctions in an overall manner. In case of China, it relates with the admirable growth opportunity. It deals with the rising debt as well as distorted financial system in an overall manner. China Exports boom mainly suggests with the economic recovery global investors in the most of the emerging markets for the same. PINE Economies include Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. In the present study, Nigeria country is explained because of its strong performance. Nigeria has the potential economic heavyweight as well as stable government for the same. It is noticed that investors flocked easily in the nation for poverty, strong economic management as well as poverty activities. Addition to that, International Monetary Fund notices 7% growth in and around the nation. There is various political corruptions prevailing in the current market economy that needs urgent consideration by the government. PINE Economy deals in the investment and expansion in accordance with finding new customers. Combined population includes around 600 million in dismissing with the emerging markets in an overall manner. Recommendation There are ample of possibilities and opportunities present in the African market such as the distribution model, acquisitions, joint ventures and the green field strategy. The distribution is the most recommended model due to lower overhead cost and the wide coverage of the products. To establish the presence of the firms it is recommended there should be an agent or distributor relationship with a locally registered company. Many of the foreign suppliers and manufacturers appoint a distributor so that he can accommodate the ethnic diversity and the vast geographical size of Nigeria. In the complicated environment of Nigeria, the supportive terms and conditions of this type of arrangements needs to be negotiated carefully. It is strongly recommended by CS Nigeria the usage of experienced commercial attorneys for crafting the mutually beneficial agreements. The company when entering the market should not think of adopting the direct marketing techniques for expanding business in Niger ia. The main reason is due to the lack of proper infrastructure like the logistics, transportation, trade facilitation services. However, such form of marketing can be made significant through improvement of the communication and information system of the country. There should be better-connected road in the entire country with special focus on the semi urban regions and rural communities. In this type of market, there is a requirement of excellent customer services and after sales support for the buyers. The companies entering in the market should support the local representatives and respond to the consumer complains effectively. Reference List Baba-Musami, B., Usman, Y.M., Sheriff, B. and Hussaini, M., 2015, March. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC) DEPOT IN MAIDUGURI, NIGERIA. InProceedings of The International Academic Conference for Sub-Sahara African Transformation Development(Vol. 3, No. 4). Blythe, J 2012,Marketing, SAGE Publications, London. Chamberlain, O. and Ede, E.C., 2013. History of Automobile Past and Present Challenges Facing Automobile Production in Nigeria.IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education (IOSR-JRME) Vol,2. Dahlstrom, R 2011,Green marketing management, South-Western / Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. Dumitrescu, A. and Unit, A.T., 2013. Logistics Cost Study of Transport Corridors in Central and West Africa.Contract. Ferrell, O and Hartline, M 2011,Marketing management strategies, South-Western, Cengage Learning, Australia. Ikejiofor, I.G. and Ali, A., 2014. The Effects Of Road Transport Characteristics On The Marketing Of Agricultural Produce In Nsukka Lga, Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria.Innovare Journal of Social Sciences. Kotabe, M and Helsen, K 2011,Global marketing management, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Kotler, P and Keller, K 2011,A framework for marketing management, Pearson Education, Harlow. Lancaster, G and Massingham, L 2011,Essentials of marketing management, Routledge, London. Obasanjo, O.T. and Nwankwo, O.C., 2014. Distribution Constraints of Petroleum Products by Road Transport from Pipeline and Products Marketing Company (PPMC) Kaduna.Journal of Logistics Management,3(2), pp.21-27. Oigiagbe, O., George, O. and Owoyemi, O., 2012. Theorising the Failure of Technological Innovation Diffusion in the Nigerian Automobile Industry: The Case of Ford Motors Nigeria.American Journal of Business and Management,1(4), pp.223-229. Olamade, O.O. and Abubakar, K., 2014. Impact of Total Innovation Management on Supply Chain in Nigerias Automobile Industry.Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation,1(1), pp.36-47. Peter, J and Donnelly, J 2011,A preface to marketing management, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Shaw, S 2011,Airline marketing and management, Ashgate, Burlington, Vt. Sheehan, B 2011,Marketing management, AVA Pub., Lausanne, Switzerland. Winer, R and Dhar, R 2011,Marketing management, Prentice Hall, Boston.